This paper explores why the model might fail in practice: underfitting (too simplistic), overfitting (too rigid), and the underlying issues of bias and variance. Through examples, we show how underfitting leads to random guesses , while overfitting causes oversensitivity. We introduce bias (consistent errors) and variance (prediction variability).

AI Training & Back Propagation – In order to use a Digital Neural Network, we need to train it. In this paper we present how we can “train” one using supervised training and backpropagation. By comparing the model’s output with the value that we know to be correct, we can tune the parameters and make it solve the problem at hand.